Stainless Steel Pipe Chart
Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Chart: ASTM A312 / ASME SA312 (Dimension, Weight & Burst Data)
PIPE SIZE | OD IN INCHES | PIPE SCHEDULES |
---|
| 5S | 5 | 10S | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40S &
STD | 40 | 60 | 80S &
XH | 80 | 100 | 120 | 140 | 160 | XXH |
---|
1/8 | .405 | Wall Thickness | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.049 | 0.049 |
|
| 0.068 | 0.068 |
| 0.095 | 0.095 |
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot | 0.1383 | 0.1383 | 0.1863 | 0.1863 |
|
| 0.2447 | 0.2447 |
| 0.3145 | 0.3145 |
|
|
|
|
|
Inside
Diameter | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
|
| 0.269 | 0.269 |
| 0.215 | 0.215 |
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure | 12099 | 12099 | 16938 | 16938 |
|
| 23506 | 23506 |
| 32840 | 32840 |
|
|
|
|
|
1/4 | .540 | Wall Thickness | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.065 | 0.065 |
|
| 0.088 | 0.088 |
| 0.119 | 0.119 |
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot | 0.257 | 0.257 | 0.3297 | 0.3297 |
|
| 0.4248 | 0.4248 |
| 0.5341 | 0.5341 |
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter | 0.442 | 0.442 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
|
| 0.364 | 0.364 |
| 0.0302 | 0.0302 |
|
|
|
|
|
Burst
Pressure | 12704 | 12704 | 16852 | 16852 |
|
| 22815 | 22815 |
| 30852 | 30852 |
|
|
|
|
|
3/8 | .675 | Wall Thickness | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0.065 | 0.065 |
|
| 0.091 | 0.091 |
| 0.126 | 0.126 |
|
|
|
|
|
Weight /
Foot | 0.3276 | 0.3276 | 0.4235 | 0.4235 |
|
| 0.5676 | 0.5676 |
| 0.7388 | 0.7388 |
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter | 0.577 | 0.577 | 0.545 | 0.545 |
|
| 0.493 | 0.493 |
| 0.423 | 0.423 |
|
|
|
|
|
Burst
Pressure | 10163 | 10163 | 13481 | 13481 |
|
| 18874 | 18874 |
| 26133 | 26133 |
|
|
|
|
|
1/2 | .840 | Wall Thickness | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.083 | 0.083 |
|
| 0.109 | 0.109 |
| 0.147 | 0.147 |
|
|
| 0.188 | 0.294 |
Weight / Foot | 0.5383 | 0.5383 | 67.1 | 67.1 |
|
| 0.851 | 0.851 |
| 1.088 | 1.088 |
|
|
| 1.304 | 1.714 |
Inside Diameter | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.674 | 0.674 |
|
| 0.622 | 0.622 |
| 0.546 | 0.546 |
|
|
| 0.464 | 0.252 |
Burst Pressure | 13481 | 13481 | 17215 | 17215 |
|
| 22607 | 22607 |
| 30488 | 30488 |
|
|
| 38993 | 60978 |
3/4 | 1.050 | Wall Thickness | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.083 | 0.083 |
|
| 113 | 113 |
| 0.154 | 0.154 |
|
|
| 0.219 | 0.308 |
Weight / Foot | 0.6838 | 0.6838 | 0.8572 | 0.8572 |
|
| 1.131 | 1.131 |
| 1.474 | 1.474 |
|
|
| 1.94 | 2.441 |
Inside Diameter | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.884 | 0.884 |
|
| 0.824 | 0.824 |
| 0.742 | 0.742 |
|
|
| 0.612 | 0.0434 |
Burst Pressure | 8667 | 8667 | 11067 | 11067 |
|
| 15067 | 15067 |
| 20533 | 20533 |
|
|
| 29200 | 41067 |
1 | 1.315 | Wall Thickness | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.109 | 0.109 |
|
| 0.133 | 0.133 |
| 0.179 | 0.179 |
|
|
| 0.25 | 0.358 |
Weight / Foot | 0.8678 | 0.8678 | 1.404 | 1.404 |
|
| 1.679 | 1.679 |
| 2.172 | 2.172 |
|
|
| 2.844 | 3.659 |
Inside Diameter | 1.185 | 1.185 | 1.097 | 1.097 |
|
| 1.049 | 1.049 |
| 0.957 | 0.957 |
|
|
| 0.815 | 0.599 |
Burst Pressure | 6920 | 6920 | 11005 | 11005 |
|
| 14160 | 14160 |
| 19057 | 19057 |
|
|
| 26616 | 38114 |
1-1/4 | 1.660 | Wall Thickness | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.109 | 0.109 |
|
| 0.14 | 0.14 |
| 0.191 | 0.191 |
|
|
| 0.25 | 0.382 |
Weight / Foot | 1.107 | 1.107 | 1.806 | 1.806 |
|
| 2.273 | 2.273 |
| 2.997 | 2.997 |
|
|
| 3.765 | 5.214 |
Inside Diameter | 1.53 | 1.53 | 1.442 | 1.442 |
|
| 1.38 | 1.38 |
| 1.278 | 1.278 |
|
|
| 1.16 | 0.896 |
Burst Pressure | 5482 | 5482 | 9193 | 9193 |
|
| 11807 | 11807 |
| 16108 | 16108 |
|
|
| 21084 | 32217 |
1-1/2 | 1.900 | Wall Thickness | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.109 | 0.109 |
|
| 0.145 | 0.145 |
| 0.2 | 0.2 |
|
|
| 0.281 | 0.4 |
Weight
/ Foot | 1.274 | 1.274 | 2.085 | 2.085 |
|
| 2.718 | 2.718 |
| 3.631 | 3.631 |
|
|
| 4.859 | 6.408 |
Inside Diameter | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.682 | 1.682 |
|
| 1.61 | 1.61 |
| 1.5 | 1.5 |
|
|
| 1.338 | 1.1 |
Burst Pressure | 4789 | 4789 | 8032 | 8032 |
|
| 10684 | 10684 |
| 14737 | 14737 |
|
|
| 20705 | 29474 |
2 | 2.375 | Wall Thickness | .065 | .065 | .109 | .109 |
|
| .154 | .154 |
| .218 | .218 |
|
|
| .344 | .436 |
Weight / Foot | 1.604 | 1.604 | 2.638 | 2.638 |
|
| 3.653 | 3.653 |
| 5.002 | 5.002 |
|
|
| 7.46 | 9.029 |
Inside Diameter | 2.245 | 2.245 | 2.157 | 2.157 |
|
| 2.067 | 2.067 |
| 1.939 | 1.939 |
|
|
| 1.687 | 1.503 |
Burst Pressure | 3832 | 3832 | 6425 | 6425 |
|
| 9078 | 9078 |
| 12851 | 12851 |
|
|
| 20278 | 25701 |
2-1/2 | 2.875 | Wall Thickness | .083 | .083 | .120 | .120 |
|
| .203 | .203 |
| .276 | .276 |
|
|
| .375 | .552 |
Weight / Foot | 2.475 | 2.475 | 3.531 | 3.531 |
|
| 5.793 | 5.793 |
| 7.661 | 7.661 |
|
|
| 10.01 | 13.70 |
Inside Diameter | 2.709 | 2.709 | 2.835 | 2.835 |
|
| 2.469 | 2.469 |
| 2.323 | 2.323 |
|
|
| 2.125 | 1.771 |
Burst Pressure | 4042 | 4042 | 5843 | 5843 |
|
| 9885 | 9885 |
| 13440 | 13440 |
|
|
| 18261 | 26880 |
3 | 3.5 | Wall Thickness | .083 | .083 | .120 | .120 |
|
| .216
| .216
|
| .300 | .300 |
|
|
| .438 | .600 |
Weight / Foot | 3.029 | 3.029 | 4.332 | 4.332 |
|
| 7.576 | 7.576 |
| 10.25 | 10.25 |
|
|
| 14.32 | 18.58 |
Inside Diameter | 3.334 | 3.334 | 3.26 | 3.26 |
|
| 3.068 | 3.068 |
| 2.9 | 2.9 |
|
|
| 2.624 | 2.3 |
Burst
Pressure | 3320 | 3320 | 4800 | 4800 |
|
| 8640 | 8640 |
| 12000 | 12000 |
|
|
| 17520 | 24000 |
3-1/2 | 4.000 | Wall Thickness | .083 | .083 | .120 | .120 |
|
| .226 | .226 |
| .318 | .318 |
|
|
|
| 636 |
Weight
/ Foot | 3.472 | 3.472 | 4.973 | 4.973 |
|
| 9.109 | 9.109 |
| 12.51 | 12.51 |
|
|
|
| 22.85 |
Inside Diameter | 3.834 | 3.834 | 3.76 | 3.76 |
|
| 3.548 | 3.548 |
| 3.364 | 3.364 |
|
|
|
| 2.728 |
Burst
Pressure | 2905 | 2905 | 4200 | 4200 |
|
| 7910 | 7910 |
| 11130 | 11130 |
|
|
|
| 22260 |
4 | 4.500 | Wall Thickness | .083 | .083 | .120 | .120 |
|
| .237 | .237 | .281 | .337 | .337 |
| .438 |
| .531 | .64 |
Weight
/ Foot | 3.915 | 3.915 | 5.613 | 5.613 |
|
| 10.79 | 10.79 | 12.66 | 14.98 | 14.98 |
| 19.01 |
| 22.51 | 27.54 |
Inside Diameter | 4.334 | 4.334 | 4.26 | 4.26 |
|
| 4.026 | 4.026 | 3.938 | 3.826 | 3.826 |
| 3.624 |
| 3.483 | 3.152 |
Burst Pressure | 2582 | 2582 | 3733 | 3733 |
|
| 7373 | 7373 | 8742 | 10484 | 10484 |
| 13627 |
| 16520 | 20969 |
5 | 5.563 | Wall Thickness | .109 | .109 | .134 | .134 | .203 |
| .258 | .258 |
| .375 | .375 |
| .500 |
| .625 | .750 |
Weight / Foot | 6.349 | 6.349 | 7.770 | 7.770 | 11.62 |
| 14.62 | 14.62 |
| 20.78 | 20.78 |
| 27.04 |
| 32.96 | 38.55 |
Inside Diameter | 5.345 | 5.345 | 5.295 | 5.295 | 5.157 |
| 5.047 | 5.047 |
| 4.813 | 4.813 |
| 4.563 |
| 4.313 | 4.063 |
Burst Pressure | 2743 | 2743 | 3372 | 3372 | 6109 |
| 6493 | 6493 |
| 9437 | 9437 |
| 12583 |
| 15729 | 18874 |
6 | 6.625 | Wall Thickness | .109 | .109 | .134 | .134 | .203 |
| .280 | .280 |
| .432 | .432 |
| .562 |
| .719 | .864 |
Weight / Foot | 7.585 | 7.585 | 9.29 | 9.29 | 13.92 |
| 18.97 | 18.97 |
| 28.57 | 28.57 |
| 36.39 |
| 45.35 | 53.16 |
Inside Diameter | 6.407 | 6.407 | 6.357 | 6.357 | 6.219 |
| 6.065 | 6.065 |
| 5.761 | 5.761 |
| 5.501 |
| 5.187 | 4.897 |
Burst Pressure | 2303 | 2303 | 2832 | 2832 | 4290 |
| 5917 | 5917 |
| 9129 | 9129 |
| 11876 |
| 15194 | 18258 |
8 | 8.625 | Wall Thickness | .109 | .109 | .148 | .148 | .250 | .277 | .322 | .322 | .406 | .500 | .500 | .594 | .719 | .812 | .906 | .875 |
Weight
/ Foot | 9.914 | 9.914 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 22.36 | 24.7 | 28.55 | 28.55 | 35.64 | 43.39 | 43.39 | 50.95 | 60.71 | 67.76 | 74.69 | 72.42 |
Inside Diameter | 8.407 | 8.407 | 8.329 | 8.329 | 8.125 | 8.071 | 7.981 | 7.981 | 7.813 | 7.625 | 7.625 | 7.437 | 7.187 | 7.001 | 6.813 | 6.875 |
Burst Pressure | 1769 | 1769 | 2402 | 2402 | 4058 | 4496 | 5227 | 5227 | 6590 | 8116 | 8116 | 9642 | 11671 | 13180 | 14706 | 14203 |
10 | 10.750 | Wall Thickness | .134 | .134 | .165 | .165 | .250 | .307 | .365 | .365 | .500 | .500 | .594 | .719 | .844 | 1.000 | 1.125 | 1.00 |
Weight / Foot | 15.19 | 15.19 | 18.65 | 18.65 | 28.04 | 34.24 | 40.48 | 40.48 | 54.75 | 54.75 | 64.43 | 77.03 | 89.29 | 104.13 | 115.64 | 104.13 |
Inside Diameter | 10.428 | 10.428 | 10.42 | 10.42 | 10.25 | 10.136 | 10.02 | 10.02 | 9.75 | 9.75 | 8.562 | 9.312 | 9.062 | 8.75 | 8.50 | 8.75 |
Burst Pressure | 1745 | 1745 | 2149 | 2149 | 3256 | 3998 | 4753 | 4753 | 6512 | 6512 | 7736 | 9364 | 10992 | 13023 | 14651 | 13023 |
12 | 12.750 | Wall Thickness | .156 | .156 | .180 | .180 | .250 | .330 | .375 | .406 | .562 | .500 | .688 | .844 | .1000 | 1.125 | 1.312 | 1.000 |
Weight / Foot | 21.07 | 22.18 | 24.17 | 24.17 | 33.38 | 43.77 | 49.56 | 53.53 | 73.16 | 65.42 | 88.63 | 107.32 | 125.5 | 139.7 | 160.3 | 125.5 |
Inside Diameter | 12.438 | 12.42 | 12.39 | 12.39 | 12.25 | 12.09 | 12 | 11.938 | 11.626 | 11.75 | 11.374 | 11.062 | 10.75 | 10.5 | 10.126 | 10.75 |
Burst Pressure | 1713 | 1812 | 1976 | 1976 | 2745 | 3624 | 4118 | 4458 | 6171 | 5490 | 7555 | 9267 | 10980 | 12353 | 14406 | 10980 |
14 | 14.000 | Wall Thickness | .156 |
| .188 | .250 | .312 | .375 | .375 | .438 | .594 | .500 | .750 | .938 | 1.094 | 1.250 | 1.406 |
|
Weight / Foot | 23.07 |
| 27.73 | 36.71 | 45.61 | 54.57 | 54.57 | 63.44 | 85.05 | 72.09 | 106.1 | 130.85 | 150.79 | 170.2 | 189.1 |
|
Inside Diameter | 13.688 |
| 13.624 | 13.5 | 13.376 | 13.25 | 13.25 | 13.124 | 12.812 | 13 | 12.5 | 12.124 | 11.812 | 11.5 | 11.188 |
|
Burst Pressure | 1560 |
| 1880 | 2500 | 3120 | 3750 | 3750 | 4380 | 5940 | 6000 | 7500 | 9380 | 10940 | 12500 | 14060 |
|
16 | 16.000 | Wall Thickness | 1.65 |
| .188 | .250 | .312 | .375 | .375 | .500 | .656 | .500 | .844 | 1.031 | 1.219 | 1.438 | 1.594 |
|
Weight / Foot | 27.90 |
| 31.75 | 42.05 | 52.27 | 62.58 | 62.58 | 82.77 | 107.5 | 82.77 | 136.6 | 164.8 | 192.43 | 223.64 | 245.25 |
|
Inside
Diameter | 15.67 |
| 15.624 | 16.6 | 15.376 | 15.25 | 15.25 | 15 | 14.688 | 15 | 14.312 | 13.938 | 13.562 | 13.124 | 12.812 |
|
Burst
Pressure | 1444 |
| 1645 | 2188 | 2730 | 3281 | 3281 | 4375 | 5740 | 4375 | 7385 | 9021 | 10666 | 12583 | 13948 |
|
18 | 18.000 | Wall Thickness | .165 |
| .188 | .250 | .312 | .438 | .375 | .562 | .750 | .500 | .938 | 1.156 | 1.375 | 1.562 | 1.781 |
|
Weight / Foot | 31.43 |
| 35.76 | 47.39 | 58.94 | 82.15 | 70.59 | 104.67 | 138.2 | 93.45 | 170.92 | 208.0 | 244.1 | 274.2 | 308.5 |
|
Inside Diameter | 17.67 |
| 17.624 | 17.5 | 17.376 | 17.124 | 17.26 | 16.876 | 16.5 | 17 | 16.124 | 15.688 | 15.25 | 14.876 | 14.438 |
|
Burst Pressure | 1283 |
| 1462 | 1944 | 2427 | 3407 | 2917 | 4371 | 5833 | 3889 | 7296 | 8991 | 10894 | 12149 | 13852 |
|
20 | 20.000 | Wall Thickness | .188 |
| .219 | .250 | .375 | .500 | .375 | .594 | .182 | .500 | 1.031 | 1.281 | 1.500 | 1.750 | 1.969 |
|
Weight / Foot | 39.78 |
| 46.27 | 52.73 | 78.60 | 104.1 | 78.60 | 123.1 | 166.4 | 104.1 | 208.9 | 256.1 | 296.4 | 341.1 | 379.2 |
|
Inside
Diameter | 19.624 |
| 19.682 | 19.5 | 19.25 | 19 | 19.25 | 18.812 | 18.376 | 19 | 17.938 | 17.438 | 17 | 16.5 | 16.062 |
|
Burst
Pressure | 1316 |
| 15.33 | 1750 | 2625 | 3500 | 2626 | 4158 | 5684 | 3500 | 7217 | 8967 | 10600 | 12250 | 13783 |
|
22 | 22.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
| .250 | .375 | .500 | .375 |
| .875 | .500 | 1.125 | 1.375 | 1.625 | 1.875 | 2.125 |
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
| 58.07 | 86.61 | 114.8 | 86.61 |
| 197.4 | 114.8 | 250.8 | 302.88 | 353.6 | 403.0 | 451.1 |
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
| 21.6 | 21.25 | 21 | 21.25 |
| 20.25 | 21 | 19.75 | 19.25 | 18.75 | 18.25 | 17.75 |
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
| 1591 | 2386 | 3182 | 2386 |
| 5568 | 3182 | 7159 | 8760 | 10341 | 11932 | 13523 |
|
24 | 24.000 | Wall Thickness | .218 |
| .250 | .250 | .375 | .562 | .375 | .688 | .969 | .500 | 1.219 | 1.531 | 1.812 | 2.062 | 2.344 |
|
Weight / Foot | 55.37 |
| 63.41 | 63.41 | 94.62 | 140.8 | 94.62 | 171.29 | 238.35 | 125.5 | 296.58 | 367.4 | 429.4 | 483.1 | 542.1 |
|
Inside
Diameter | 23.564 |
| 23.5 | 23.5 | 23.25 | 22.876 | 23.25 | 22.624 | 22.062 | 23 | 21.682 | 20.938 | 20.376 | 19.876 | 19.312 |
|
Burst
Pressure | 1272 |
| 1458 | 1458 | 2188 | 3278 | 2188 | 4013 | 5653 | 2917 | 7111 | 8931 | 10570 | 12028 | 13673 |
|
26 | 26.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
| .312 | .500 |
| .375 |
|
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
| 85.60 | 136.17 |
| 102.63 |
|
| 136.17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
| 26.378 | 25 |
| 25.25 |
|
| 25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
| 1680 | 2692 |
| 2019 |
|
| 2692 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | 28.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
| .312 | .500 | .625 | .375 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
| 92.26 | 146.85 | 182.73 | 110.64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
| 27.376 | 27 | 26.75 | 27.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
| 1560 | 2500 | 3125 | 1875 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 | 30.000 | Wall Thickness | .250 |
| .312 | .312 | .500 | .625 | .375 |
|
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot | 79.43 |
| 98.93 | 98.93 | 157.53 | 196.08 | 118.65 |
|
| 157.53 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter | 29.6 |
| 29.376 | 29.378 | 29 | 28.75 | 29.25 |
|
| 29 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure | 1167 |
| 1456 | 1456 | 2333 | 2917 | 1750 |
|
| 2333 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 | 32.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
| .312 | .500 | .625 | .375 | .688 |
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
| 105.59 | 168.21 | 209.43 | 126.66 | 230.08 |
| 168.21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
| 31.376 | 31 | 30.75 | 31.25 | 30.624 |
| 31 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
| 1365 | 2188 | 2734 | 1641 | 3010 |
| 2188 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 | 34.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
| .312 | .500 | .625 | .375 | .688 |
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
| 112.25 | 178.89 | 222.78 | 134.67 | 244.77 |
| 178.89 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
| 33.378 | 33 | 32.75 | 33.25 | 32.624 |
| 33 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
| 1285 | 2059 | 2574 | 1544 | 2833 |
| 2059 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | 36.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
| .312 | .500 | .625 | .375 | .750 |
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
| 118.92 | 189.57 | 236.13 | 142.68 | 282.35 |
| 189.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
| 35.376 | 35 | 34.75 | 35.25 | 34.5 |
| 35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
| 1213 | 1944 | 2431 | 1458 | 2917 |
| 1944 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 | 42.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
|
|
| .375 |
|
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
|
|
| 166.7 |
|
| 221.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
|
|
| 41.26 |
|
| 41 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
|
|
| 1250 |
|
| 1667 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 | 48.000 | Wall Thickness |
|
|
|
|
| .375 |
|
| .500 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight / Foot |
|
|
|
|
| 190.7 |
|
| 253.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inside Diameter |
|
|
|
|
| 47.25 |
|
| 47 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burst Pressure |
|
|
|
|
| 1094 |
|
| 1458 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wall Thickness displayed are in inches,
weights displayed are in pounds/foot and
burst pressures displayed are in PSI.
Theoretical Bursting Pressure is based
on an ultimate strength of s=70,000 psi.
Using Barlow's Formula where: | P = T2S / OD |
T = Wall thickness | When establishing a working pressure a
safety factor of 4 or 5 to 1 is
typically used, the joint efficiency is
in the 70% range and wall thickness
variations are 12.55 of normal. Factors
where calculated at ambient
temperatures. |